Reference for ultralytics/utils/ops.py

def segment2box(segment, width=640, height=640):
    """
    Convert 1 segment label to 1 box label, applying inside-image constraint, i.e. (xy1, xy2, ...) to (xyxy).

    Args:
        segment (torch.Tensor): the segment label
        width (int): the width of the image. Defaults to 640
        height (int): The height of the image. Defaults to 640

    Returns:
        (np.ndarray): the minimum and maximum x and y values of the segment.
    """
    x, y = segment.T  # segment xy
    x = x.clip(0, width)
    y = y.clip(0, height)
    return (
        np.array([x.min(), y.min(), x.max(), y.max()], dtype=segment.dtype)
        if any(x)
        else np.zeros(4, dtype=segment.dtype)
    )  # xyxy

def scale_boxes(img1_shape, boxes, img0_shape, ratio_pad=None, padding=True, xywh=False):
    """
    Rescales bounding boxes (in the format of xyxy by default) from the shape of the image they were originally
    specified in (img1_shape) to the shape of a different image (img0_shape).

    Args:
        img1_shape (tuple): The shape of the image that the bounding boxes are for, in the format of (height, width).
        boxes (torch.Tensor): the bounding boxes of the objects in the image, in the format of (x1, y1, x2, y2)
        img0_shape (tuple): the shape of the target image, in the format of (height, width).
        ratio_pad (tuple): a tuple of (ratio, pad) for scaling the boxes. If not provided, the ratio and pad will be
            calculated based on the size difference between the two images.
        padding (bool): If True, assuming the boxes is based on image augmented by yolo style. If False then do regular
            rescaling.
        xywh (bool): The box format is xywh or not, default=False.

    Returns:
        boxes (torch.Tensor): The scaled bounding boxes, in the format of (x1, y1, x2, y2)
    """
    if ratio_pad is None:  # calculate from img0_shape
        gain = min(img1_shape[0] / img0_shape[0], img1_shape[1] / img0_shape[1])  # gain  = old / new
        pad = (
            round((img1_shape[1] - img0_shape[1] * gain) / 2 - 0.1),
            round((img1_shape[0] - img0_shape[0] * gain) / 2 - 0.1),
        )  # wh padding
    else:
        gain = ratio_pad[0][0]
        pad = ratio_pad[1]

    if padding:
        boxes[..., 0] -= pad[0]  # x padding
        boxes[..., 1] -= pad[1]  # y padding
        if not xywh:
            boxes[..., 2] -= pad[0]  # x padding
            boxes[..., 3] -= pad[1]  # y padding
    boxes[..., :4] /= gain
    return clip_boxes(boxes, img0_shape)

def make_divisible(x, divisor):
    """
    Returns the nearest number that is divisible by the given divisor.

    Args:
        x (int): The number to make divisible.
        divisor (int | torch.Tensor): The divisor.

    Returns:
        (int): The nearest number divisible by the divisor.
    """
    if isinstance(divisor, torch.Tensor):
        divisor = int(divisor.max())  # to int
    return math.ceil(x / divisor) * divisor

def nms_rotated(boxes, scores, threshold=0.45):
    """
    NMS for oriented bounding boxes using probiou and fast-nms.

    Args:
        boxes (torch.Tensor): Rotated bounding boxes, shape (N, 5), format xywhr.
        scores (torch.Tensor): Confidence scores, shape (N,).
        threshold (float, optional): IoU threshold. Defaults to 0.45.

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor): Indices of boxes to keep after NMS.
    """
    if len(boxes) == 0:
        return np.empty((0,), dtype=np.int8)
    sorted_idx = torch.argsort(scores, descending=True)
    boxes = boxes[sorted_idx]
    ious = batch_probiou(boxes, boxes).triu_(diagonal=1)
    pick = torch.nonzero(ious.max(dim=0)[0] < threshold).squeeze_(-1)
    return sorted_idx[pick]

def non_max_suppression(
    prediction,
    conf_thres=0.25,
    iou_thres=0.45,
    classes=None,
    agnostic=False,
    multi_label=False,
    labels=(),
    max_det=300,
    nc=0,  # number of classes (optional)
    max_time_img=0.05,
    max_nms=30000,
    max_wh=7680,
    in_place=True,
    rotated=False,
):
    """
    Perform non-maximum suppression (NMS) on a set of boxes, with support for masks and multiple labels per box.

    Args:
        prediction (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape (batch_size, num_classes + 4 + num_masks, num_boxes)
            containing the predicted boxes, classes, and masks. The tensor should be in the format
            output by a model, such as YOLO.
        conf_thres (float): The confidence threshold below which boxes will be filtered out.
            Valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0.
        iou_thres (float): The IoU threshold below which boxes will be filtered out during NMS.
            Valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0.
        classes (List[int]): A list of class indices to consider. If None, all classes will be considered.
        agnostic (bool): If True, the model is agnostic to the number of classes, and all
            classes will be considered as one.
        multi_label (bool): If True, each box may have multiple labels.
        labels (List[List[Union[int, float, torch.Tensor]]]): A list of lists, where each inner
            list contains the apriori labels for a given image. The list should be in the format
            output by a dataloader, with each label being a tuple of (class_index, x1, y1, x2, y2).
        max_det (int): The maximum number of boxes to keep after NMS.
        nc (int, optional): The number of classes output by the model. Any indices after this will be considered masks.
        max_time_img (float): The maximum time (seconds) for processing one image.
        max_nms (int): The maximum number of boxes into torchvision.ops.nms().
        max_wh (int): The maximum box width and height in pixels.
        in_place (bool): If True, the input prediction tensor will be modified in place.
        rotated (bool): If Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB) are being passed for NMS.

    Returns:
        (List[torch.Tensor]): A list of length batch_size, where each element is a tensor of
            shape (num_boxes, 6 + num_masks) containing the kept boxes, with columns
            (x1, y1, x2, y2, confidence, class, mask1, mask2, ...).
    """
    import torchvision  # scope for faster 'import ultralytics'

    # Checks
    assert 0 <= conf_thres <= 1, f"Invalid Confidence threshold {conf_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0"
    assert 0 <= iou_thres <= 1, f"Invalid IoU {iou_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0"
    if isinstance(prediction, (list, tuple)):  # YOLOv8 model in validation model, output = (inference_out, loss_out)
        prediction = prediction[0]  # select only inference output
    if classes is not None:
        classes = torch.tensor(classes, device=prediction.device)

    if prediction.shape[-1] == 6:  # end-to-end model (BNC, i.e. 1,300,6)
        output = [pred[pred[:, 4] > conf_thres][:max_det] for pred in prediction]
        if classes is not None:
            output = [pred[(pred[:, 5:6] == classes).any(1)] for pred in output]
        return output

    bs = prediction.shape[0]  # batch size (BCN, i.e. 1,84,6300)
    nc = nc or (prediction.shape[1] - 4)  # number of classes
    nm = prediction.shape[1] - nc - 4  # number of masks
    mi = 4 + nc  # mask start index
    xc = prediction[:, 4:mi].amax(1) > conf_thres  # candidates

    # Settings
    # min_wh = 2  # (pixels) minimum box width and height
    time_limit = 2.0 + max_time_img * bs  # seconds to quit after
    multi_label &= nc > 1  # multiple labels per box (adds 0.5ms/img)

    prediction = prediction.transpose(-1, -2)  # shape(1,84,6300) to shape(1,6300,84)
    if not rotated:
        if in_place:
            prediction[..., :4] = xywh2xyxy(prediction[..., :4])  # xywh to xyxy
        else:
            prediction = torch.cat((xywh2xyxy(prediction[..., :4]), prediction[..., 4:]), dim=-1)  # xywh to xyxy

    t = time.time()
    output = [torch.zeros((0, 6 + nm), device=prediction.device)] * bs
    for xi, x in enumerate(prediction):  # image index, image inference
        # Apply constraints
        # x[((x[:, 2:4] < min_wh) | (x[:, 2:4] > max_wh)).any(1), 4] = 0  # width-height
        x = x[xc[xi]]  # confidence

        # Cat apriori labels if autolabelling
        if labels and len(labels[xi]) and not rotated:
            lb = labels[xi]
            v = torch.zeros((len(lb), nc + nm + 4), device=x.device)
            v[:, :4] = xywh2xyxy(lb[:, 1:5])  # box
            v[range(len(lb)), lb[:, 0].long() + 4] = 1.0  # cls
            x = torch.cat((x, v), 0)

        # If none remain process next image
        if not x.shape[0]:
            continue

        # Detections matrix nx6 (xyxy, conf, cls)
        box, cls, mask = x.split((4, nc, nm), 1)

        if multi_label:
            i, j = torch.where(cls > conf_thres)
            x = torch.cat((box[i], x[i, 4 + j, None], j[:, None].float(), mask[i]), 1)
        else:  # best class only
            conf, j = cls.max(1, keepdim=True)
            x = torch.cat((box, conf, j.float(), mask), 1)[conf.view(-1) > conf_thres]

        # Filter by class
        if classes is not None:
            x = x[(x[:, 5:6] == classes).any(1)]

        # Check shape
        n = x.shape[0]  # number of boxes
        if not n:  # no boxes
            continue
        if n > max_nms:  # excess boxes
            x = x[x[:, 4].argsort(descending=True)[:max_nms]]  # sort by confidence and remove excess boxes

        # Batched NMS
        c = x[:, 5:6] * (0 if agnostic else max_wh)  # classes
        scores = x[:, 4]  # scores
        if rotated:
            boxes = torch.cat((x[:, :2] + c, x[:, 2:4], x[:, -1:]), dim=-1)  # xywhr
            i = nms_rotated(boxes, scores, iou_thres)
        else:
            boxes = x[:, :4] + c  # boxes (offset by class)
            i = torchvision.ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou_thres)  # NMS
        i = i[:max_det]  # limit detections

        # # Experimental
        # merge = False  # use merge-NMS
        # if merge and (1 < n < 3E3):  # Merge NMS (boxes merged using weighted mean)
        #     # Update boxes as boxes(i,4) = weights(i,n) * boxes(n,4)
        #     from .metrics import box_iou
        #     iou = box_iou(boxes[i], boxes) > iou_thres  # IoU matrix
        #     weights = iou * scores[None]  # box weights
        #     x[i, :4] = torch.mm(weights, x[:, :4]).float() / weights.sum(1, keepdim=True)  # merged boxes
        #     redundant = True  # require redundant detections
        #     if redundant:
        #         i = i[iou.sum(1) > 1]  # require redundancy

        output[xi] = x[i]
        if (time.time() - t) > time_limit:
            LOGGER.warning(f"WARNING ⚠️ NMS time limit {time_limit:.3f}s exceeded")
            break  # time limit exceeded

    return output

def clip_boxes(boxes, shape):
    """
    Takes a list of bounding boxes and a shape (height, width) and clips the bounding boxes to the shape.

    Args:
        boxes (torch.Tensor): The bounding boxes to clip.
        shape (tuple): The shape of the image.

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor | numpy.ndarray): The clipped boxes.
    """
    if isinstance(boxes, torch.Tensor):  # faster individually (WARNING: inplace .clamp_() Apple MPS bug)
        boxes[..., 0] = boxes[..., 0].clamp(0, shape[1])  # x1
        boxes[..., 1] = boxes[..., 1].clamp(0, shape[0])  # y1
        boxes[..., 2] = boxes[..., 2].clamp(0, shape[1])  # x2
        boxes[..., 3] = boxes[..., 3].clamp(0, shape[0])  # y2
    else:  # np.array (faster grouped)
        boxes[..., [0, 2]] = boxes[..., [0, 2]].clip(0, shape[1])  # x1, x2
        boxes[..., [1, 3]] = boxes[..., [1, 3]].clip(0, shape[0])  # y1, y2
    return boxes

def clip_coords(coords, shape):
    """
    Clip line coordinates to the image boundaries.

    Args:
        coords (torch.Tensor | numpy.ndarray): A list of line coordinates.
        shape (tuple): A tuple of integers representing the size of the image in the format (height, width).

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor | numpy.ndarray): Clipped coordinates
    """
    if isinstance(coords, torch.Tensor):  # faster individually (WARNING: inplace .clamp_() Apple MPS bug)
        coords[..., 0] = coords[..., 0].clamp(0, shape[1])  # x
        coords[..., 1] = coords[..., 1].clamp(0, shape[0])  # y
    else:  # np.array (faster grouped)
        coords[..., 0] = coords[..., 0].clip(0, shape[1])  # x
        coords[..., 1] = coords[..., 1].clip(0, shape[0])  # y
    return coords

def scale_image(masks, im0_shape, ratio_pad=None):
    """
    Takes a mask, and resizes it to the original image size.

    Args:
        masks (np.ndarray): Resized and padded masks/images, [h, w, num]/[h, w, 3].
        im0_shape (tuple): The original image shape.
        ratio_pad (tuple): The ratio of the padding to the original image.

    Returns:
        masks (np.ndarray): The masks that are being returned with shape [h, w, num].
    """
    # Rescale coordinates (xyxy) from im1_shape to im0_shape
    im1_shape = masks.shape
    if im1_shape[:2] == im0_shape[:2]:
        return masks
    if ratio_pad is None:  # calculate from im0_shape
        gain = min(im1_shape[0] / im0_shape[0], im1_shape[1] / im0_shape[1])  # gain  = old / new
        pad = (im1_shape[1] - im0_shape[1] * gain) / 2, (im1_shape[0] - im0_shape[0] * gain) / 2  # wh padding
    else:
        # gain = ratio_pad[0][0]
        pad = ratio_pad[1]
    top, left = int(pad[1]), int(pad[0])  # y, x
    bottom, right = int(im1_shape[0] - pad[1]), int(im1_shape[1] - pad[0])

    if len(masks.shape) < 2:
        raise ValueError(f'"len of masks shape" should be 2 or 3, but got {len(masks.shape)}')
    masks = masks[top:bottom, left:right]
    masks = cv2.resize(masks, (im0_shape[1], im0_shape[0]))
    if len(masks.shape) == 2:
        masks = masks[:, :, None]

    return masks

def xyxy2xywh(x):
    """
    Convert bounding box coordinates from (x1, y1, x2, y2) format to (x, y, width, height) format where (x1, y1) is the
    top-left corner and (x2, y2) is the bottom-right corner.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The input bounding box coordinates in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format.

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in (x, y, width, height) format.
    """
    assert x.shape[-1] == 4, f"input shape last dimension expected 4 but input shape is {x.shape}"
    y = empty_like(x)  # faster than clone/copy
    y[..., 0] = (x[..., 0] + x[..., 2]) / 2  # x center
    y[..., 1] = (x[..., 1] + x[..., 3]) / 2  # y center
    y[..., 2] = x[..., 2] - x[..., 0]  # width
    y[..., 3] = x[..., 3] - x[..., 1]  # height
    return y

def xywh2xyxy(x):
    """
    Convert bounding box coordinates from (x, y, width, height) format to (x1, y1, x2, y2) format where (x1, y1) is the
    top-left corner and (x2, y2) is the bottom-right corner. Note: ops per 2 channels faster than per channel.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The input bounding box coordinates in (x, y, width, height) format.

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format.
    """
    assert x.shape[-1] == 4, f"input shape last dimension expected 4 but input shape is {x.shape}"
    y = empty_like(x)  # faster than clone/copy
    xy = x[..., :2]  # centers
    wh = x[..., 2:] / 2  # half width-height
    y[..., :2] = xy - wh  # top left xy
    y[..., 2:] = xy + wh  # bottom right xy
    return y

def xywhn2xyxy(x, w=640, h=640, padw=0, padh=0):
    """
    Convert normalized bounding box coordinates to pixel coordinates.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates.
        w (int): Width of the image. Defaults to 640
        h (int): Height of the image. Defaults to 640
        padw (int): Padding width. Defaults to 0
        padh (int): Padding height. Defaults to 0
    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The coordinates of the bounding box in the format [x1, y1, x2, y2] where
            x1,y1 is the top-left corner, x2,y2 is the bottom-right corner of the bounding box.
    """
    assert x.shape[-1] == 4, f"input shape last dimension expected 4 but input shape is {x.shape}"
    y = empty_like(x)  # faster than clone/copy
    y[..., 0] = w * (x[..., 0] - x[..., 2] / 2) + padw  # top left x
    y[..., 1] = h * (x[..., 1] - x[..., 3] / 2) + padh  # top left y
    y[..., 2] = w * (x[..., 0] + x[..., 2] / 2) + padw  # bottom right x
    y[..., 3] = h * (x[..., 1] + x[..., 3] / 2) + padh  # bottom right y
    return y

def xyxy2xywhn(x, w=640, h=640, clip=False, eps=0.0):
    """
    Convert bounding box coordinates from (x1, y1, x2, y2) format to (x, y, width, height, normalized) format. x, y,
    width and height are normalized to image dimensions.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The input bounding box coordinates in (x1, y1, x2, y2) format.
        w (int): The width of the image. Defaults to 640
        h (int): The height of the image. Defaults to 640
        clip (bool): If True, the boxes will be clipped to the image boundaries. Defaults to False
        eps (float): The minimum value of the box's width and height. Defaults to 0.0

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in (x, y, width, height, normalized) format
    """
    if clip:
        x = clip_boxes(x, (h - eps, w - eps))
    assert x.shape[-1] == 4, f"input shape last dimension expected 4 but input shape is {x.shape}"
    y = empty_like(x)  # faster than clone/copy
    y[..., 0] = ((x[..., 0] + x[..., 2]) / 2) / w  # x center
    y[..., 1] = ((x[..., 1] + x[..., 3]) / 2) / h  # y center
    y[..., 2] = (x[..., 2] - x[..., 0]) / w  # width
    y[..., 3] = (x[..., 3] - x[..., 1]) / h  # height
    return y

def xywh2ltwh(x):
    """
    Convert the bounding box format from [x, y, w, h] to [x1, y1, w, h], where x1, y1 are the top-left coordinates.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The input tensor with the bounding box coordinates in the xywh format

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in the xyltwh format
    """
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 0] = x[..., 0] - x[..., 2] / 2  # top left x
    y[..., 1] = x[..., 1] - x[..., 3] / 2  # top left y
    return y

def xyxy2ltwh(x):
    """
    Convert nx4 bounding boxes from [x1, y1, x2, y2] to [x1, y1, w, h], where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The input tensor with the bounding boxes coordinates in the xyxy format

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in the xyltwh format.
    """
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 2] = x[..., 2] - x[..., 0]  # width
    y[..., 3] = x[..., 3] - x[..., 1]  # height
    return y

def ltwh2xywh(x):
    """
    Convert nx4 boxes from [x1, y1, w, h] to [x, y, w, h] where xy1=top-left, xy=center.

    Args:
        x (torch.Tensor): the input tensor

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The bounding box coordinates in the xywh format.
    """
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 0] = x[..., 0] + x[..., 2] / 2  # center x
    y[..., 1] = x[..., 1] + x[..., 3] / 2  # center y
    return y

def xyxyxyxy2xywhr(x):
    """
    Convert batched Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB) from [xy1, xy2, xy3, xy4] to [xywh, rotation]. Rotation values are
    returned in radians from 0 to pi/2.

    Args:
        x (numpy.ndarray | torch.Tensor): Input box corners [xy1, xy2, xy3, xy4] of shape (n, 8).

    Returns:
        (numpy.ndarray | torch.Tensor): Converted data in [cx, cy, w, h, rotation] format of shape (n, 5).
    """
    is_torch = isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
    points = x.cpu().numpy() if is_torch else x
    points = points.reshape(len(x), -1, 2)
    rboxes = []
    for pts in points:
        # NOTE: Use cv2.minAreaRect to get accurate xywhr,
        # especially some objects are cut off by augmentations in dataloader.
        (cx, cy), (w, h), angle = cv2.minAreaRect(pts)
        rboxes.append([cx, cy, w, h, angle / 180 * np.pi])
    return torch.tensor(rboxes, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype) if is_torch else np.asarray(rboxes)

def xywhr2xyxyxyxy(x):
    """
    Convert batched Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB) from [xywh, rotation] to [xy1, xy2, xy3, xy4]. Rotation values should
    be in radians from 0 to pi/2.

    Args:
        x (numpy.ndarray | torch.Tensor): Boxes in [cx, cy, w, h, rotation] format of shape (n, 5) or (b, n, 5).

    Returns:
        (numpy.ndarray | torch.Tensor): Converted corner points of shape (n, 4, 2) or (b, n, 4, 2).
    """
    cos, sin, cat, stack = (
        (torch.cos, torch.sin, torch.cat, torch.stack)
        if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)
        else (np.cos, np.sin, np.concatenate, np.stack)
    )

    ctr = x[..., :2]
    w, h, angle = (x[..., i : i + 1] for i in range(2, 5))
    cos_value, sin_value = cos(angle), sin(angle)
    vec1 = [w / 2 * cos_value, w / 2 * sin_value]
    vec2 = [-h / 2 * sin_value, h / 2 * cos_value]
    vec1 = cat(vec1, -1)
    vec2 = cat(vec2, -1)
    pt1 = ctr + vec1 + vec2
    pt2 = ctr + vec1 - vec2
    pt3 = ctr - vec1 - vec2
    pt4 = ctr - vec1 + vec2
    return stack([pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4], -2)

def ltwh2xyxy(x):
    """
    It converts the bounding box from [x1, y1, w, h] to [x1, y1, x2, y2] where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right.

    Args:
        x (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): the input image

    Returns:
        y (np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): the xyxy coordinates of the bounding boxes.
    """
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 2] = x[..., 2] + x[..., 0]  # width
    y[..., 3] = x[..., 3] + x[..., 1]  # height
    return y

def segments2boxes(segments):
    """
    It converts segment labels to box labels, i.e. (cls, xy1, xy2, ...) to (cls, xywh).

    Args:
        segments (list): list of segments, each segment is a list of points, each point is a list of x, y coordinates

    Returns:
        (np.ndarray): the xywh coordinates of the bounding boxes.
    """
    boxes = []
    for s in segments:
        x, y = s.T  # segment xy
        boxes.append([x.min(), y.min(), x.max(), y.max()])  # cls, xyxy
    return xyxy2xywh(np.array(boxes))  # cls, xywh

def resample_segments(segments, n=1000):
    """
    Inputs a list of segments (n,2) and returns a list of segments (n,2) up-sampled to n points each.

    Args:
        segments (list): a list of (n,2) arrays, where n is the number of points in the segment.
        n (int): number of points to resample the segment to. Defaults to 1000

    Returns:
        segments (list): the resampled segments.
    """
    for i, s in enumerate(segments):
        s = np.concatenate((s, s[0:1, :]), axis=0)
        x = np.linspace(0, len(s) - 1, n - len(s) if len(s) < n else n)
        xp = np.arange(len(s))
        x = np.insert(x, np.searchsorted(x, xp), xp) if len(s) < n else x
        segments[i] = (
            np.concatenate([np.interp(x, xp, s[:, i]) for i in range(2)], dtype=np.float32).reshape(2, -1).T
        )  # segment xy
    return segments

def crop_mask(masks, boxes):
    """
    It takes a mask and a bounding box, and returns a mask that is cropped to the bounding box.

    Args:
        masks (torch.Tensor): [n, h, w] tensor of masks
        boxes (torch.Tensor): [n, 4] tensor of bbox coordinates in relative point form

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor): The masks are being cropped to the bounding box.
    """
    _, h, w = masks.shape
    x1, y1, x2, y2 = torch.chunk(boxes[:, :, None], 4, 1)  # x1 shape(n,1,1)
    r = torch.arange(w, device=masks.device, dtype=x1.dtype)[None, None, :]  # rows shape(1,1,w)
    c = torch.arange(h, device=masks.device, dtype=x1.dtype)[None, :, None]  # cols shape(1,h,1)

    return masks * ((r >= x1) * (r < x2) * (c >= y1) * (c < y2))

def process_mask(protos, masks_in, bboxes, shape, upsample=False):
    """
    Apply masks to bounding boxes using the output of the mask head.

    Args:
        protos (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape [mask_dim, mask_h, mask_w].
        masks_in (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape [n, mask_dim], where n is the number of masks after NMS.
        bboxes (torch.Tensor): A tensor of shape [n, 4], where n is the number of masks after NMS.
        shape (tuple): A tuple of integers representing the size of the input image in the format (h, w).
        upsample (bool): A flag to indicate whether to upsample the mask to the original image size. Default is False.

    Returns:
        (torch.Tensor): A binary mask tensor of shape [n, h, w], where n is the number of masks after NMS, and h and w
            are the height and width of the input image. The mask is applied to the bounding boxes.
    """
    c, mh, mw = protos.shape  # CHW
    ih, iw = shape
    masks = (masks_in @ protos.float().view(c, -1)).view(-1, mh, mw)  # CHW
    width_ratio = mw / iw
    height_ratio = mh / ih

    downsampled_bboxes = bboxes.clone()
    downsampled_bboxes[:, 0] *= width_ratio
    downsampled_bboxes[:, 2] *= width_ratio
    downsampled_bboxes[:, 3] *= height_ratio
    downsampled_bboxes[:, 1] *= height_ratio

    masks = crop_mask(masks, downsampled_bboxes)  # CHW
    if upsample:
        masks = F.interpolate(masks[None], shape, mode="bilinear", align_corners=False)[0]  # CHW
    return masks.gt_(0.0)