Reference for ultralytics/utils/__init__.py

def plt_settings(rcparams=None, backend="Agg"):
    """
    Decorator to temporarily set rc parameters and the backend for a plotting function.

    Example:
        decorator: @plt_settings({"font.size": 12})
        context manager: with plt_settings({"font.size": 12}):

    Args:
        rcparams (dict): Dictionary of rc parameters to set.
        backend (str, optional): Name of the backend to use. Defaults to 'Agg'.

    Returns:
        (Callable): Decorated function with temporarily set rc parameters and backend. This decorator can be
            applied to any function that needs to have specific matplotlib rc parameters and backend for its execution.
    """

    if rcparams is None:
        rcparams = {"font.size": 11}

    def decorator(func):
        """Decorator to apply temporary rc parameters and backend to a function."""

        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            """Sets rc parameters and backend, calls the original function, and restores the settings."""
            original_backend = plt.get_backend()
            if backend.lower() != original_backend.lower():
                plt.close("all")  # auto-close()ing of figures upon backend switching is deprecated since 3.8
                plt.switch_backend(backend)

            with plt.rc_context(rcparams):
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)

            if backend != original_backend:
                plt.close("all")
                plt.switch_backend(original_backend)
            return result

        return wrapper

    return decorator

def set_logging(name="LOGGING_NAME", verbose=True):
    """Sets up logging for the given name with UTF-8 encoding support, ensuring compatibility across different
    environments.
    """
    level = logging.INFO if verbose and RANK in {-1, 0} else logging.ERROR  # rank in world for Multi-GPU trainings

    # Configure the console (stdout) encoding to UTF-8, with checks for compatibility
    formatter = logging.Formatter("%(message)s")  # Default formatter
    if WINDOWS and hasattr(sys.stdout, "encoding") and sys.stdout.encoding != "utf-8":

        class CustomFormatter(logging.Formatter):
            def format(self, record):
                """Sets up logging with UTF-8 encoding and configurable verbosity."""
                return emojis(super().format(record))

        try:
            # Attempt to reconfigure stdout to use UTF-8 encoding if possible
            if hasattr(sys.stdout, "reconfigure"):
                sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf-8")
            # For environments where reconfigure is not available, wrap stdout in a TextIOWrapper
            elif hasattr(sys.stdout, "buffer"):
                import io

                sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer, encoding="utf-8")
            else:
                formatter = CustomFormatter("%(message)s")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Creating custom formatter for non UTF-8 environments due to {e}")
            formatter = CustomFormatter("%(message)s")

    # Create and configure the StreamHandler with the appropriate formatter and level
    stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
    stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    stream_handler.setLevel(level)

    # Set up the logger
    logger = logging.getLogger(name)
    logger.setLevel(level)
    logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
    logger.propagate = False
    return logger

def emojis(string=""):
    """Return platform-dependent emoji-safe version of string."""
    return string.encode().decode("ascii", "ignore") if WINDOWS else string

def yaml_save(file="data.yaml", data=None, header=""):
    """
    Save YAML data to a file.

    Args:
        file (str, optional): File name. Default is 'data.yaml'.
        data (dict): Data to save in YAML format.
        header (str, optional): YAML header to add.

    Returns:
        (None): Data is saved to the specified file.
    """
    if data is None:
        data = {}
    file = Path(file)
    if not file.parent.exists():
        # Create parent directories if they don't exist
        file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    # Convert Path objects to strings
    valid_types = int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, type(None)
    for k, v in data.items():
        if not isinstance(v, valid_types):
            data[k] = str(v)

    # Dump data to file in YAML format
    with open(file, "w", errors="ignore", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        if header:
            f.write(header)
        yaml.safe_dump(data, f, sort_keys=False, allow_unicode=True)

def yaml_load(file="data.yaml", append_filename=False):
    """
    Load YAML data from a file.

    Args:
        file (str, optional): File name. Default is 'data.yaml'.
        append_filename (bool): Add the YAML filename to the YAML dictionary. Default is False.

    Returns:
        (dict): YAML data and file name.
    """
    assert Path(file).suffix in {".yaml", ".yml"}, f"Attempting to load non-YAML file {file} with yaml_load()"
    with open(file, errors="ignore", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        s = f.read()  # string

        # Remove special characters
        if not s.isprintable():
            s = re.sub(r"[^\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E\x85\xA0-\uD7FF\uE000-\uFFFD\U00010000-\U0010ffff]+", "", s)

        # Add YAML filename to dict and return
        data = yaml.safe_load(s) or {}  # always return a dict (yaml.safe_load() may return None for empty files)
        if append_filename:
            data["yaml_file"] = str(file)
        return data

def yaml_print(yaml_file: Union[str, Path, dict]) -> None:
    """
    Pretty prints a YAML file or a YAML-formatted dictionary.

    Args:
        yaml_file: The file path of the YAML file or a YAML-formatted dictionary.

    Returns:
        (None)
    """
    yaml_dict = yaml_load(yaml_file) if isinstance(yaml_file, (str, Path)) else yaml_file
    dump = yaml.dump(yaml_dict, sort_keys=False, allow_unicode=True, width=float("inf"))
    LOGGER.info(f"Printing '{colorstr('bold', 'black', yaml_file)}'\n\n{dump}")

def read_device_model() -> str:
    """
    Reads the device model information from the system and caches it for quick access. Used by is_jetson() and
    is_raspberrypi().

    Returns:
        (str): Model file contents if read successfully or empty string otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
        with open("/proc/device-tree/model") as f:
            return f.read()
    return ""

def is_ubuntu() -> bool:
    """
    Check if the OS is Ubuntu.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if OS is Ubuntu, False otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError):
        with open("/etc/os-release") as f:
            return "ID=ubuntu" in f.read()
    return False

def is_colab():
    """
    Check if the current script is running inside a Google Colab notebook.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if running inside a Colab notebook, False otherwise.
    """
    return "COLAB_RELEASE_TAG" in os.environ or "COLAB_BACKEND_VERSION" in os.environ

def is_kaggle():
    """
    Check if the current script is running inside a Kaggle kernel.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if running inside a Kaggle kernel, False otherwise.
    """
    return os.environ.get("PWD") == "/kaggle/working" and os.environ.get("KAGGLE_URL_BASE") == "https://www.kaggle.com"

def is_jupyter():
    """
    Check if the current script is running inside a Jupyter Notebook. Verified on Colab, Jupyterlab, Kaggle, Paperspace.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if running inside a Jupyter Notebook, False otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
        from IPython import get_ipython

        return get_ipython() is not None
    return False

def is_docker() -> bool:
    """
    Determine if the script is running inside a Docker container.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if the script is running inside a Docker container, False otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
        with open("/proc/self/cgroup") as f:
            return "docker" in f.read()
    return False

def is_raspberrypi() -> bool:
    """
    Determines if the Python environment is running on a Raspberry Pi by checking the device model information.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if running on a Raspberry Pi, False otherwise.
    """
    return "Raspberry Pi" in PROC_DEVICE_MODEL

def is_jetson() -> bool:
    """
    Determines if the Python environment is running on a Jetson Nano or Jetson Orin device by checking the device model
    information.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if running on a Jetson Nano or Jetson Orin, False otherwise.
    """
    return "NVIDIA" in PROC_DEVICE_MODEL  # i.e. "NVIDIA Jetson Nano" or "NVIDIA Orin NX"

def is_online() -> bool:
    """
    Check internet connectivity by attempting to connect to a known online host.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if connection is successful, False otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
        assert str(os.getenv("YOLO_OFFLINE", "")).lower() != "true"  # check if ENV var YOLO_OFFLINE="True"
        import socket

        for dns in ("1.1.1.1", "8.8.8.8"):  # check Cloudflare and Google DNS
            socket.create_connection(address=(dns, 80), timeout=2.0).close()
            return True
    return False

def is_pip_package(filepath: str = __name__) -> bool:
    """
    Determines if the file at the given filepath is part of a pip package.

    Args:
        filepath (str): The filepath to check.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if the file is part of a pip package, False otherwise.
    """
    import importlib.util

    # Get the spec for the module
    spec = importlib.util.find_spec(filepath)

    # Return whether the spec is not None and the origin is not None (indicating it is a package)
    return spec is not None and spec.origin is not None

def is_dir_writeable(dir_path: Union[str, Path]) -> bool:
    """
    Check if a directory is writeable.

    Args:
        dir_path (str | Path): The path to the directory.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if the directory is writeable, False otherwise.
    """
    return os.access(str(dir_path), os.W_OK)

def is_pytest_running():
    """
    Determines whether pytest is currently running or not.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if pytest is running, False otherwise.
    """
    return ("PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST" in os.environ) or ("pytest" in sys.modules) or ("pytest" in Path(ARGV[0]).stem)

def is_github_action_running() -> bool:
    """
    Determine if the current environment is a GitHub Actions runner.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if the current environment is a GitHub Actions runner, False otherwise.
    """
    return "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ and "GITHUB_WORKFLOW" in os.environ and "RUNNER_OS" in os.environ

def get_git_dir():
    """
    Determines whether the current file is part of a git repository and if so, returns the repository root directory. If
    the current file is not part of a git repository, returns None.

    Returns:
        (Path | None): Git root directory if found or None if not found.
    """
    for d in Path(__file__).parents:
        if (d / ".git").is_dir():
            return d

def is_git_dir():
    """
    Determines whether the current file is part of a git repository. If the current file is not part of a git
    repository, returns None.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if current file is part of a git repository.
    """
    return GIT_DIR is not None

def get_git_origin_url():
    """
    Retrieves the origin URL of a git repository.

    Returns:
        (str | None): The origin URL of the git repository or None if not git directory.
    """
    if IS_GIT_DIR:
        with contextlib.suppress(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
            origin = subprocess.check_output(["git", "config", "--get", "remote.origin.url"])
            return origin.decode().strip()

def get_git_branch():
    """
    Returns the current git branch name. If not in a git repository, returns None.

    Returns:
        (str | None): The current git branch name or None if not a git directory.
    """
    if IS_GIT_DIR:
        with contextlib.suppress(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
            origin = subprocess.check_output(["git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"])
            return origin.decode().strip()

def get_default_args(func):
    """
    Returns a dictionary of default arguments for a function.

    Args:
        func (callable): The function to inspect.

    Returns:
        (dict): A dictionary where each key is a parameter name, and each value is the default value of that parameter.
    """
    signature = inspect.signature(func)
    return {k: v.default for k, v in signature.parameters.items() if v.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty}

def get_ubuntu_version():
    """
    Retrieve the Ubuntu version if the OS is Ubuntu.

    Returns:
        (str): Ubuntu version or None if not an Ubuntu OS.
    """
    if is_ubuntu():
        with contextlib.suppress(FileNotFoundError, AttributeError):
            with open("/etc/os-release") as f:
                return re.search(r'VERSION_ID="(\d+\.\d+)"', f.read())[1]

def get_user_config_dir(sub_dir="Ultralytics"):
    """
    Return the appropriate config directory based on the environment operating system.

    Args:
        sub_dir (str): The name of the subdirectory to create.

    Returns:
        (Path): The path to the user config directory.
    """
    if WINDOWS:
        path = Path.home() / "AppData" / "Roaming" / sub_dir
    elif MACOS:  # macOS
        path = Path.home() / "Library" / "Application Support" / sub_dir
    elif LINUX:
        path = Path.home() / ".config" / sub_dir
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported operating system: {platform.system()}")

    # GCP and AWS lambda fix, only /tmp is writeable
    if not is_dir_writeable(path.parent):
        LOGGER.warning(
            f"WARNING ⚠️ user config directory '{path}' is not writeable, defaulting to '/tmp' or CWD."
            "Alternatively you can define a YOLO_CONFIG_DIR environment variable for this path."
        )
        path = Path("/tmp") / sub_dir if is_dir_writeable("/tmp") else Path().cwd() / sub_dir

    # Create the subdirectory if it does not exist
    path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    return path

def colorstr(*input):
    """
    Colors a string based on the provided color and style arguments. Utilizes ANSI escape codes.
    See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code for more details.

    This function can be called in two ways:
        - colorstr('color', 'style', 'your string')
        - colorstr('your string')

    In the second form, 'blue' and 'bold' will be applied by default.

    Args:
        *input (str): A sequence of strings where the first n-1 strings are color and style arguments,
                      and the last string is the one to be colored.

    Supported Colors and Styles:
        Basic Colors: 'black', 'red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white'
        Bright Colors: 'bright_black', 'bright_red', 'bright_green', 'bright_yellow',
                       'bright_blue', 'bright_magenta', 'bright_cyan', 'bright_white'
        Misc: 'end', 'bold', 'underline'

    Returns:
        (str): The input string wrapped with ANSI escape codes for the specified color and style.

    Examples:
        >>> colorstr("blue", "bold", "hello world")
        >>> "\033[34m\033[1mhello world\033[0m"
    """
    *args, string = input if len(input) > 1 else ("blue", "bold", input[0])  # color arguments, string
    colors = {
        "black": "\033[30m",  # basic colors
        "red": "\033[31m",
        "green": "\033[32m",
        "yellow": "\033[33m",
        "blue": "\033[34m",
        "magenta": "\033[35m",
        "cyan": "\033[36m",
        "white": "\033[37m",
        "bright_black": "\033[90m",  # bright colors
        "bright_red": "\033[91m",
        "bright_green": "\033[92m",
        "bright_yellow": "\033[93m",
        "bright_blue": "\033[94m",
        "bright_magenta": "\033[95m",
        "bright_cyan": "\033[96m",
        "bright_white": "\033[97m",
        "end": "\033[0m",  # misc
        "bold": "\033[1m",
        "underline": "\033[4m",
    }
    return "".join(colors[x] for x in args) + f"{string}" + colors["end"]

def remove_colorstr(input_string):
    """
    Removes ANSI escape codes from a string, effectively un-coloring it.

    Args:
        input_string (str): The string to remove color and style from.

    Returns:
        (str): A new string with all ANSI escape codes removed.

    Examples:
        >>> remove_colorstr(colorstr('blue', 'bold', 'hello world'))
        >>> 'hello world'
    """
    ansi_escape = re.compile(r"\x1B\[[0-9;]*[A-Za-z]")
    return ansi_escape.sub("", input_string)

def threaded(func):
    """
    Multi-threads a target function by default and returns the thread or function result.

    Use as @threaded decorator. The function runs in a separate thread unless 'threaded=False' is passed.
    """

    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        """Multi-threads a given function based on 'threaded' kwarg and returns the thread or function result."""
        if kwargs.pop("threaded", True):  # run in thread
            thread = threading.Thread(target=func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, daemon=True)
            thread.start()
            return thread
        else:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)

    return wrapper

def set_sentry():
    """
    Initialize the Sentry SDK for error tracking and reporting. Only used if sentry_sdk package is installed and
    sync=True in settings. Run 'yolo settings' to see and update settings YAML file.

    Conditions required to send errors (ALL conditions must be met or no errors will be reported):
        - sentry_sdk package is installed
        - sync=True in YOLO settings
        - pytest is not running
        - running in a pip package installation
        - running in a non-git directory
        - running with rank -1 or 0
        - online environment
        - CLI used to run package (checked with 'yolo' as the name of the main CLI command)

    The function also configures Sentry SDK to ignore KeyboardInterrupt and FileNotFoundError
    exceptions and to exclude events with 'out of memory' in their exception message.

    Additionally, the function sets custom tags and user information for Sentry events.
    """

    def before_send(event, hint):
        """
        Modify the event before sending it to Sentry based on specific exception types and messages.

        Args:
            event (dict): The event dictionary containing information about the error.
            hint (dict): A dictionary containing additional information about the error.

        Returns:
            dict: The modified event or None if the event should not be sent to Sentry.
        """
        if "exc_info" in hint:
            exc_type, exc_value, tb = hint["exc_info"]
            if exc_type in {KeyboardInterrupt, FileNotFoundError} or "out of memory" in str(exc_value):
                return None  # do not send event

        event["tags"] = {
            "sys_argv": ARGV[0],
            "sys_argv_name": Path(ARGV[0]).name,
            "install": "git" if IS_GIT_DIR else "pip" if IS_PIP_PACKAGE else "other",
            "os": ENVIRONMENT,
        }
        return event

    if (
        SETTINGS["sync"]
        and RANK in {-1, 0}
        and Path(ARGV[0]).name == "yolo"
        and not TESTS_RUNNING
        and ONLINE
        and IS_PIP_PACKAGE
        and not IS_GIT_DIR
    ):
        # If sentry_sdk package is not installed then return and do not use Sentry
        try:
            import sentry_sdk  # noqa
        except ImportError:
            return

        sentry_sdk.init(
            dsn="https://5ff1556b71594bfea135ff0203a0d290@o4504521589325824.ingest.sentry.io/4504521592406016",
            debug=False,
            traces_sample_rate=1.0,
            release=__version__,
            environment="production",  # 'dev' or 'production'
            before_send=before_send,
            ignore_errors=[KeyboardInterrupt, FileNotFoundError],
        )
        sentry_sdk.set_user({"id": SETTINGS["uuid"]})  # SHA-256 anonymized UUID hash