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Model Training with Ultralytics YOLO

Ultralytics YOLO ecosystem and integrations

Introduction

Training a deep learning model involves feeding it data and adjusting its parameters so that it can make accurate predictions. Train mode in Ultralytics YOLO11 is engineered for effective and efficient training of object detection models, fully utilizing modern hardware capabilities. This guide aims to cover all the details you need to get started with training your own models using YOLO11's robust set of features.



Watch: How to Train a YOLO model on Your Custom Dataset in Google Colab.

Why Choose Ultralytics YOLO for Training?

Here are some compelling reasons to opt for YOLO11's Train mode:

  • Efficiency: Make the most out of your hardware, whether you're on a single-GPU setup or scaling across multiple GPUs.
  • Versatility: Train on custom datasets in addition to readily available ones like COCO, VOC, and ImageNet.
  • User-Friendly: Simple yet powerful CLI and Python interfaces for a straightforward training experience.
  • Hyperparameter Flexibility: A broad range of customizable hyperparameters to fine-tune model performance.

Key Features of Train Mode

The following are some notable features of YOLO11's Train mode:

  • Automatic Dataset Download: Standard datasets like COCO, VOC, and ImageNet are downloaded automatically on first use.
  • Multi-GPU Support: Scale your training efforts seamlessly across multiple GPUs to expedite the process.
  • Hyperparameter Configuration: The option to modify hyperparameters through YAML configuration files or CLI arguments.
  • Visualization and Monitoring: Real-time tracking of training metrics and visualization of the learning process for better insights.

Tip

  • YOLO11 datasets like COCO, VOC, ImageNet and many others automatically download on first use, i.e. yolo train data=coco.yaml

Usage Examples

Train YOLO11n on the COCO8 dataset for 100 epochs at image size 640. The training device can be specified using the device argument. If no argument is passed GPU device=0 will be used if available, otherwise device='cpu' will be used. See Arguments section below for a full list of training arguments.

Single-GPU and CPU Training Example

Device is determined automatically. If a GPU is available then it will be used, otherwise training will start on CPU.

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolo11n.yaml")  # build a new model from YAML
model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")  # load a pretrained model (recommended for training)
model = YOLO("yolo11n.yaml").load("yolo11n.pt")  # build from YAML and transfer weights

# Train the model
results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640)
# Build a new model from YAML and start training from scratch
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.yaml epochs=100 imgsz=640

# Start training from a pretrained *.pt model
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640

# Build a new model from YAML, transfer pretrained weights to it and start training
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.yaml pretrained=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640

Multi-GPU Training

Multi-GPU training allows for more efficient utilization of available hardware resources by distributing the training load across multiple GPUs. This feature is available through both the Python API and the command-line interface. To enable multi-GPU training, specify the GPU device IDs you wish to use.

Multi-GPU Training Example

To train with 2 GPUs, CUDA devices 0 and 1 use the following commands. Expand to additional GPUs as required.

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")  # load a pretrained model (recommended for training)

# Train the model with 2 GPUs
results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640, device=[0, 1])
# Start training from a pretrained *.pt model using GPUs 0 and 1
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640 device=0,1

Apple M1 and M2 MPS Training

With the support for Apple M1 and M2 chips integrated in the Ultralytics YOLO models, it's now possible to train your models on devices utilizing the powerful Metal Performance Shaders (MPS) framework. The MPS offers a high-performance way of executing computation and image processing tasks on Apple's custom silicon.

To enable training on Apple M1 and M2 chips, you should specify 'mps' as your device when initiating the training process. Below is an example of how you could do this in Python and via the command line:

MPS Training Example

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")  # load a pretrained model (recommended for training)

# Train the model with MPS
results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640, device="mps")
# Start training from a pretrained *.pt model using MPS
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640 device=mps

While leveraging the computational power of the M1/M2 chips, this enables more efficient processing of the training tasks. For more detailed guidance and advanced configuration options, please refer to the PyTorch MPS documentation.

Resuming Interrupted Trainings

Resuming training from a previously saved state is a crucial feature when working with deep learning models. This can come in handy in various scenarios, like when the training process has been unexpectedly interrupted, or when you wish to continue training a model with new data or for more epochs.

When training is resumed, Ultralytics YOLO loads the weights from the last saved model and also restores the optimizer state, learning rate scheduler, and the epoch number. This allows you to continue the training process seamlessly from where it was left off.

You can easily resume training in Ultralytics YOLO by setting the resume argument to True when calling the train method, and specifying the path to the .pt file containing the partially trained model weights.

Below is an example of how to resume an interrupted training using Python and via the command line:

Resume Training Example

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("path/to/last.pt")  # load a partially trained model

# Resume training
results = model.train(resume=True)
# Resume an interrupted training
yolo train resume model=path/to/last.pt

By setting resume=True, the train function will continue training from where it left off, using the state stored in the 'path/to/last.pt' file. If the resume argument is omitted or set to False, the train function will start a new training session.

Remember that checkpoints are saved at the end of every epoch by default, or at fixed intervals using the save_period argument, so you must complete at least 1 epoch to resume a training run.

Train Settings

The training settings for YOLO models encompass various hyperparameters and configurations used during the training process. These settings influence the model's performance, speed, and accuracy. Key training settings include batch size, learning rate, momentum, and weight decay. Additionally, the choice of optimizer, loss function, and training dataset composition can impact the training process. Careful tuning and experimentation with these settings are crucial for optimizing performance.

Argument Default Description
model None Specifies the model file for training. Accepts a path to either a .pt pretrained model or a .yaml configuration file. Essential for defining the model structure or initializing weights.
data None Path to the dataset configuration file (e.g., coco8.yaml). This file contains dataset-specific parameters, including paths to training and validation data, class names, and number of classes.
epochs 100 Total number of training epochs. Each epoch represents a full pass over the entire dataset. Adjusting this value can affect training duration and model performance.
time None Maximum training time in hours. If set, this overrides the epochs argument, allowing training to automatically stop after the specified duration. Useful for time-constrained training scenarios.
patience 100 Number of epochs to wait without improvement in validation metrics before early stopping the training. Helps prevent overfitting by stopping training when performance plateaus.
batch 16 Batch size, with three modes: set as an integer (e.g., batch=16), auto mode for 60% GPU memory utilization (batch=-1), or auto mode with specified utilization fraction (batch=0.70).
imgsz 640 Target image size for training. All images are resized to this dimension before being fed into the model. Affects model accuracy and computational complexity.
save True Enables saving of training checkpoints and final model weights. Useful for resuming training or model deployment.
save_period -1 Frequency of saving model checkpoints, specified in epochs. A value of -1 disables this feature. Useful for saving interim models during long training sessions.
cache False Enables caching of dataset images in memory (True/ram), on disk (disk), or disables it (False). Improves training speed by reducing disk I/O at the cost of increased memory usage.
device None Specifies the computational device(s) for training: a single GPU (device=0), multiple GPUs (device=0,1), CPU (device=cpu), or MPS for Apple silicon (device=mps).
workers 8 Number of worker threads for data loading (per RANK if Multi-GPU training). Influences the speed of data preprocessing and feeding into the model, especially useful in multi-GPU setups.
project None Name of the project directory where training outputs are saved. Allows for organized storage of different experiments.
name None Name of the training run. Used for creating a subdirectory within the project folder, where training logs and outputs are stored.
exist_ok False If True, allows overwriting of an existing project/name directory. Useful for iterative experimentation without needing to manually clear previous outputs.
pretrained True Determines whether to start training from a pretrained model. Can be a boolean value or a string path to a specific model from which to load weights. Enhances training efficiency and model performance.
optimizer 'auto' Choice of optimizer for training. Options include SGD, Adam, AdamW, NAdam, RAdam, RMSProp etc., or auto for automatic selection based on model configuration. Affects convergence speed and stability.
verbose False Enables verbose output during training, providing detailed logs and progress updates. Useful for debugging and closely monitoring the training process.
seed 0 Sets the random seed for training, ensuring reproducibility of results across runs with the same configurations.
deterministic True Forces deterministic algorithm use, ensuring reproducibility but may affect performance and speed due to the restriction on non-deterministic algorithms.
single_cls False Treats all classes in multi-class datasets as a single class during training. Useful for binary classification tasks or when focusing on object presence rather than classification.
rect False Enables rectangular training, optimizing batch composition for minimal padding. Can improve efficiency and speed but may affect model accuracy.
cos_lr False Utilizes a cosine learning rate scheduler, adjusting the learning rate following a cosine curve over epochs. Helps in managing learning rate for better convergence.
close_mosaic 10 Disables mosaic data augmentation in the last N epochs to stabilize training before completion. Setting to 0 disables this feature.
resume False Resumes training from the last saved checkpoint. Automatically loads model weights, optimizer state, and epoch count, continuing training seamlessly.
amp True Enables Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) training, reducing memory usage and possibly speeding up training with minimal impact on accuracy.
fraction 1.0 Specifies the fraction of the dataset to use for training. Allows for training on a subset of the full dataset, useful for experiments or when resources are limited.
profile False Enables profiling of ONNX and TensorRT speeds during training, useful for optimizing model deployment.
freeze None Freezes the first N layers of the model or specified layers by index, reducing the number of trainable parameters. Useful for fine-tuning or transfer learning.
lr0 0.01 Initial learning rate (i.e. SGD=1E-2, Adam=1E-3) . Adjusting this value is crucial for the optimization process, influencing how rapidly model weights are updated.
lrf 0.01 Final learning rate as a fraction of the initial rate = (lr0 * lrf), used in conjunction with schedulers to adjust the learning rate over time.
momentum 0.937 Momentum factor for SGD or beta1 for Adam optimizers, influencing the incorporation of past gradients in the current update.
weight_decay 0.0005 L2 regularization term, penalizing large weights to prevent overfitting.
warmup_epochs 3.0 Number of epochs for learning rate warmup, gradually increasing the learning rate from a low value to the initial learning rate to stabilize training early on.
warmup_momentum 0.8 Initial momentum for warmup phase, gradually adjusting to the set momentum over the warmup period.
warmup_bias_lr 0.1 Learning rate for bias parameters during the warmup phase, helping stabilize model training in the initial epochs.
box 7.5 Weight of the box loss component in the loss function, influencing how much emphasis is placed on accurately predicting bounding box coordinates.
cls 0.5 Weight of the classification loss in the total loss function, affecting the importance of correct class prediction relative to other components.
dfl 1.5 Weight of the distribution focal loss, used in certain YOLO versions for fine-grained classification.
pose 12.0 Weight of the pose loss in models trained for pose estimation, influencing the emphasis on accurately predicting pose keypoints.
kobj 2.0 Weight of the keypoint objectness loss in pose estimation models, balancing detection confidence with pose accuracy.
label_smoothing 0.0 Applies label smoothing, softening hard labels to a mix of the target label and a uniform distribution over labels, can improve generalization.
nbs 64 Nominal batch size for normalization of loss.
overlap_mask True Determines whether segmentation masks should overlap during training, applicable in instance segmentation tasks.
mask_ratio 4 Downsample ratio for segmentation masks, affecting the resolution of masks used during training.
dropout 0.0 Dropout rate for regularization in classification tasks, preventing overfitting by randomly omitting units during training.
val True Enables validation during training, allowing for periodic evaluation of model performance on a separate dataset.
plots False Generates and saves plots of training and validation metrics, as well as prediction examples, providing visual insights into model performance and learning progression.

Note on Batch-size Settings

The batch argument can be configured in three ways:

  • Fixed Batch Size: Set an integer value (e.g., batch=16), specifying the number of images per batch directly.
  • Auto Mode (60% GPU Memory): Use batch=-1 to automatically adjust batch size for approximately 60% CUDA memory utilization.
  • Auto Mode with Utilization Fraction: Set a fraction value (e.g., batch=0.70) to adjust batch size based on the specified fraction of GPU memory usage.

Augmentation Settings and Hyperparameters

Augmentation techniques are essential for improving the robustness and performance of YOLO models by introducing variability into the training data, helping the model generalize better to unseen data. The following table outlines the purpose and effect of each augmentation argument:

Argument Type Default Range Description
hsv_h float 0.015 0.0 - 1.0 Adjusts the hue of the image by a fraction of the color wheel, introducing color variability. Helps the model generalize across different lighting conditions.
hsv_s float 0.7 0.0 - 1.0 Alters the saturation of the image by a fraction, affecting the intensity of colors. Useful for simulating different environmental conditions.
hsv_v float 0.4 0.0 - 1.0 Modifies the value (brightness) of the image by a fraction, helping the model to perform well under various lighting conditions.
degrees float 0.0 -180 - +180 Rotates the image randomly within the specified degree range, improving the model's ability to recognize objects at various orientations.
translate float 0.1 0.0 - 1.0 Translates the image horizontally and vertically by a fraction of the image size, aiding in learning to detect partially visible objects.
scale float 0.5 >=0.0 Scales the image by a gain factor, simulating objects at different distances from the camera.
shear float 0.0 -180 - +180 Shears the image by a specified degree, mimicking the effect of objects being viewed from different angles.
perspective float 0.0 0.0 - 0.001 Applies a random perspective transformation to the image, enhancing the model's ability to understand objects in 3D space.
flipud float 0.0 0.0 - 1.0 Flips the image upside down with the specified probability, increasing the data variability without affecting the object's characteristics.
fliplr float 0.5 0.0 - 1.0 Flips the image left to right with the specified probability, useful for learning symmetrical objects and increasing dataset diversity.
bgr float 0.0 0.0 - 1.0 Flips the image channels from RGB to BGR with the specified probability, useful for increasing robustness to incorrect channel ordering.
mosaic float 1.0 0.0 - 1.0 Combines four training images into one, simulating different scene compositions and object interactions. Highly effective for complex scene understanding.
mixup float 0.0 0.0 - 1.0 Blends two images and their labels, creating a composite image. Enhances the model's ability to generalize by introducing label noise and visual variability.
copy_paste float 0.0 0.0 - 1.0 Copies objects from one image and pastes them onto another, useful for increasing object instances and learning object occlusion.
copy_paste_mode str flip - Copy-Paste augmentation method selection among the options of ("flip", "mixup").
auto_augment str randaugment - Automatically applies a predefined augmentation policy (randaugment, autoaugment, augmix), optimizing for classification tasks by diversifying the visual features.
erasing float 0.4 0.0 - 0.9 Randomly erases a portion of the image during classification training, encouraging the model to focus on less obvious features for recognition.
crop_fraction float 1.0 0.1 - 1.0 Crops the classification image to a fraction of its size to emphasize central features and adapt to object scales, reducing background distractions.

These settings can be adjusted to meet the specific requirements of the dataset and task at hand. Experimenting with different values can help find the optimal augmentation strategy that leads to the best model performance.

Info

For more information about training augmentation operations, see the reference section.

Logging

In training a YOLO11 model, you might find it valuable to keep track of the model's performance over time. This is where logging comes into play. Ultralytics' YOLO provides support for three types of loggers - Comet, ClearML, and TensorBoard.

To use a logger, select it from the dropdown menu in the code snippet above and run it. The chosen logger will be installed and initialized.

Comet

Comet is a platform that allows data scientists and developers to track, compare, explain and optimize experiments and models. It provides functionalities such as real-time metrics, code diffs, and hyperparameters tracking.

To use Comet:

Example

# pip install comet_ml
import comet_ml

comet_ml.init()

Remember to sign in to your Comet account on their website and get your API key. You will need to add this to your environment variables or your script to log your experiments.

ClearML

ClearML is an open-source platform that automates tracking of experiments and helps with efficient sharing of resources. It is designed to help teams manage, execute, and reproduce their ML work more efficiently.

To use ClearML:

Example

# pip install clearml
import clearml

clearml.browser_login()

After running this script, you will need to sign in to your ClearML account on the browser and authenticate your session.

TensorBoard

TensorBoard is a visualization toolkit for TensorFlow. It allows you to visualize your TensorFlow graph, plot quantitative metrics about the execution of your graph, and show additional data like images that pass through it.

To use TensorBoard in Google Colab:

Example

load_ext tensorboard
tensorboard --logdir ultralytics/runs  # replace with 'runs' directory

To use TensorBoard locally run the below command and view results at http://localhost:6006/.

Example

tensorboard --logdir ultralytics/runs  # replace with 'runs' directory

This will load TensorBoard and direct it to the directory where your training logs are saved.

After setting up your logger, you can then proceed with your model training. All training metrics will be automatically logged in your chosen platform, and you can access these logs to monitor your model's performance over time, compare different models, and identify areas for improvement.

FAQ

How do I train an object detection model using Ultralytics YOLO11?

To train an object detection model using Ultralytics YOLO11, you can either use the Python API or the CLI. Below is an example for both:

Single-GPU and CPU Training Example

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")  # load a pretrained model (recommended for training)

# Train the model
results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640)
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640

For more details, refer to the Train Settings section.

What are the key features of Ultralytics YOLO11's Train mode?

The key features of Ultralytics YOLO11's Train mode include:

  • Automatic Dataset Download: Automatically downloads standard datasets like COCO, VOC, and ImageNet.
  • Multi-GPU Support: Scale training across multiple GPUs for faster processing.
  • Hyperparameter Configuration: Customize hyperparameters through YAML files or CLI arguments.
  • Visualization and Monitoring: Real-time tracking of training metrics for better insights.

These features make training efficient and customizable to your needs. For more details, see the Key Features of Train Mode section.

How do I resume training from an interrupted session in Ultralytics YOLO11?

To resume training from an interrupted session, set the resume argument to True and specify the path to the last saved checkpoint.

Resume Training Example

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load the partially trained model
model = YOLO("path/to/last.pt")

# Resume training
results = model.train(resume=True)
yolo train resume model=path/to/last.pt

Check the section on Resuming Interrupted Trainings for more information.

Can I train YOLO11 models on Apple M1 and M2 chips?

Yes, Ultralytics YOLO11 supports training on Apple M1 and M2 chips utilizing the Metal Performance Shaders (MPS) framework. Specify 'mps' as your training device.

MPS Training Example

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a pretrained model
model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")

# Train the model on M1/M2 chip
results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=100, imgsz=640, device="mps")
yolo detect train data=coco8.yaml model=yolo11n.pt epochs=100 imgsz=640 device=mps

For more details, refer to the Apple M1 and M2 MPS Training section.

What are the common training settings, and how do I configure them?

Ultralytics YOLO11 allows you to configure a variety of training settings such as batch size, learning rate, epochs, and more through arguments. Here's a brief overview:

Argument Default Description
model None Path to the model file for training.
data None Path to the dataset configuration file (e.g., coco8.yaml).
epochs 100 Total number of training epochs.
batch 16 Batch size, adjustable as integer or auto mode.
imgsz 640 Target image size for training.
device None Computational device(s) for training like cpu, 0, 0,1, or mps.
save True Enables saving of training checkpoints and final model weights.

For an in-depth guide on training settings, check the Train Settings section.


📅 Created 11 months ago ✏️ Updated 12 days ago

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