Reference for ultralytics/utils/patches.py

def imread(filename: str, flags: int = cv2.IMREAD_COLOR):
    """
    Read an image from a file.

    Args:
        filename (str): Path to the file to read.
        flags (int): Flag that can take values of cv2.IMREAD_*. Controls how the image is read.

    Returns:
        (np.ndarray): The read image.

    Examples:
        >>> img = imread("path/to/image.jpg")
        >>> img = imread("path/to/image.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
    """
    file_bytes = np.fromfile(filename, np.uint8)
    if filename.endswith((".tiff", ".tif")):
        success, frames = cv2.imdecodemulti(file_bytes, cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED)
        if success:
            return np.stack(frames, axis=2)  # or np.asarray(frames).transpose(1,2,0)
        return None
    else:
        return cv2.imdecode(file_bytes, flags)

def imwrite(filename: str, img: np.ndarray, params=None):
    """
    Write an image to a file.

    Args:
        filename (str): Path to the file to write.
        img (np.ndarray): Image to write.
        params (List[int], optional): Additional parameters for image encoding.

    Returns:
        (bool): True if the file was written successfully, False otherwise.

    Examples:
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> img = np.zeros((100, 100, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # Create a black image
        >>> success = imwrite("output.jpg", img)  # Write image to file
        >>> print(success)
        True
    """
    try:
        cv2.imencode(Path(filename).suffix, img, params)[1].tofile(filename)
        return True
    except Exception:
        return False

def imshow(winname: str, mat: np.ndarray):
    """
    Display an image in the specified window.

    This function is a wrapper around OpenCV's imshow function that displays an image in a named window. It is
    particularly useful for visualizing images during development and debugging.

    Args:
        winname (str): Name of the window where the image will be displayed. If a window with this name already
            exists, the image will be displayed in that window.
        mat (np.ndarray): Image to be shown. Should be a valid numpy array representing an image.

    Examples:
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> img = np.zeros((300, 300, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # Create a black image
        >>> img[:100, :100] = [255, 0, 0]  # Add a blue square
        >>> imshow("Example Window", img)  # Display the image
    """
    _imshow(winname.encode("unicode_escape").decode(), mat)

def torch_load(*args, **kwargs):
    """
    Load a PyTorch model with updated arguments to avoid warnings.

    This function wraps torch.load and adds the 'weights_only' argument for PyTorch 1.13.0+ to prevent warnings.

    Args:
        *args (Any): Variable length argument list to pass to torch.load.
        **kwargs (Any): Arbitrary keyword arguments to pass to torch.load.

    Returns:
        (Any): The loaded PyTorch object.

    Notes:
        For PyTorch versions 2.0 and above, this function automatically sets 'weights_only=False'
        if the argument is not provided, to avoid deprecation warnings.
    """
    from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import TORCH_1_13

    if TORCH_1_13 and "weights_only" not in kwargs:
        kwargs["weights_only"] = False

    return _torch_load(*args, **kwargs)

def torch_save(*args, **kwargs):
    """
    Save PyTorch objects with retry mechanism for robustness.

    This function wraps torch.save with 3 retries and exponential backoff in case of save failures, which can occur
    due to device flushing delays or antivirus scanning.

    Args:
        *args (Any): Positional arguments to pass to torch.save.
        **kwargs (Any): Keyword arguments to pass to torch.save.

    Returns:
        (Any): Result of torch.save operation if successful, None otherwise.

    Examples:
        >>> model = torch.nn.Linear(10, 1)
        >>> torch_save(model.state_dict(), "model.pt")
    """
    for i in range(4):  # 3 retries
        try:
            return _torch_save(*args, **kwargs)
        except RuntimeError as e:  # unable to save, possibly waiting for device to flush or antivirus scan
            if i == 3:
                raise e
            time.sleep((2**i) / 2)  # exponential standoff: 0.5s, 1.0s, 2.0s