How to Export Non-YOLO PyTorch Models with Ultralytics#

Ultralytics ships standalone export utilities under ultralytics.utils.export that wrap multiple backends behind one consistent interface. You can export any torch.nn.Module, including timm image models, torchvision classifiers and detectors, or your own custom architectures, to TorchScript, ONNX, OpenVINO, CoreML, Core AI, TensorFlow SavedModel, TensorFlow Frozen Graph, PaddlePaddle, MNN, NCNN, and ExecuTorch without learning each backend separately.

Deploying PyTorch models to production usually means juggling a different exporter for every target: torch.onnx.export for ONNX, coremltools for Apple devices, onnx2tf for TensorFlow, pnnx for NCNN, and so on. Each tool has its own API, dependency quirks, and output conventions. These utilities collapse that into a single calling pattern.

Why Use Ultralytics for Non-YOLO Export?#

• One API across 11 formats: learn a single calling convention instead of a dozen.
• Same code path as YOLO exports: the same helpers power every Ultralytics YOLO export.
• FP16 and INT8 quantization through one quantize argument for formats that support it.
• Works on CPU: no GPU required for the export step itself, so you can run it locally on a laptop; CoreML export is not supported on Windows, and Core AI export needs macOS 26 or later on Apple silicon, or x86_64 Linux with glibc 2.34 or newer, with Python 3.11 to 3.14.

Quick Start#

The fastest path is a two-line export to ONNX with no YOLO code and no setup beyond pip install ultralytics onnx timm:

import timm
import torch

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2onnx

model = timm.create_model("resnet18", pretrained=True).eval()
torch2onnx(model, torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224), output_file="resnet18.onnx")

Supported Export Formats#

The torch2* functions take a standard torch.nn.Module and an example input tensor. MNN, TF SavedModel, and TF Frozen Graph go through an intermediate ONNX or Keras artifact. No YOLO-specific attributes are required in either case.

Step-by-Step Examples#

Every example below uses the same setup, a pretrained ResNet-18 from timm in evaluation mode:

import timm
import torch

model = timm.create_model("resnet18", pretrained=True).eval()
im = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)

Export to ONNX#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2onnx

torch2onnx(model, im, output_file="resnet18.onnx")

For dynamic batch size, pass a dynamic dictionary:

torch2onnx(model, im, output_file="resnet18_dyn.onnx", dynamic={"images": {0: "batch_size"}})

The default opset is 14 and the default input name is "images". Override with the opset, input_names, or output_names arguments.

Export to TorchScript#

No extra dependencies needed. Uses torch.jit.trace under the hood.

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2torchscript

torch2torchscript(model, im, output_file="resnet18.torchscript")

Export to OpenVINO#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2openvino

ov_model = torch2openvino(model, im, output_dir="resnet18_openvino_model")

The directory contains a fixed-name model.xml and model.bin pair:

resnet18_openvino_model/
├── model.xml
└── model.bin

Pass dynamic=True for dynamic input shapes, quantize=16 for FP16, or quantize=8 for INT8 quantization. INT8 additionally requires a calibration_dataset argument.

Requires openvino>=2024.0.0 (or >=2025.2.0 on macOS 15.4+) and torch>=2.1.

Export to CoreML#

import coremltools as ct

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2coreml

inputs = [ct.TensorType("input", shape=(1, 3, 224, 224))]
ct_model = torch2coreml(model, inputs, im, classifier_names=None, output_file="resnet18.mlpackage")

For classification models, pass a list of class names to classifier_names to add a classification head to the CoreML model.

Requires coremltools>=9.0, torch>=1.11, and numpy<=2.3.5. Not supported on Windows.

Export to Core AI#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2coreai

torch2coreai(model, im, output_file="resnet18.aimodel")

The .aimodel asset is a directory:

resnet18.aimodel/
├── main.mlirb
├── main.hash
└── metadata.json

Export runs on macOS 26 or later on Apple silicon, or on x86_64 Linux with glibc 2.34 or newer, with Python 3.11 to 3.14 (pip install coreai-torch), and quantize=16 writes an FP16 asset that takes float16 inputs; the asset runs on iOS 27 and macOS 27. See the Core AI integration, including its note on FP16 assets that abort on load.

Export to TensorFlow SavedModel#

TF SavedModel export goes through ONNX as an intermediate step:

from ultralytics.utils.export import onnx2saved_model, torch2onnx

torch2onnx(model, im, output_file="resnet18.onnx")
keras_model = onnx2saved_model("resnet18.onnx", output_dir="resnet18_saved_model")

The function returns a Keras model and also generates FP32 and FP16 LiteRT files (.tflite) inside the output directory:

resnet18_saved_model/
├── saved_model.pb
├── variables/
├── assets/
├── fingerprint.pb
├── resnet18_float32.tflite
└── resnet18_float16.tflite

Pass quantize=8 to add an INT8 .tflite alongside them.

TensorFlow export does not run on macOS with Python 3.13 or newer; use Python 3.12 or earlier on macOS, or Linux.

Requirements on Python 3.12 or earlier (on Python 3.13 or newer the export requires tensorflow>2.19.0, tf_keras>2.19.0, onnx2tf>=2.3.0,<2.3.16, and protobuf>=6.31.1,<7.0.0 instead):

• tensorflow>=2.0.0,<=2.19.0
• onnx2tf>=1.26.3,<1.29.0
• tf_keras<=2.19.0
• sng4onnx>=1.0.1
• onnx_graphsurgeon>=0.3.26
• ai-edge-litert>=1.2.0,<1.4.0 on macOS (ai-edge-litert>=1.2.0 on other platforms)
• onnxslim>=0.1.82
• onnx>=1.12.0,<2.0.0
• protobuf>=5

Export to TensorFlow Frozen Graph#

Continuing from the SavedModel export above, convert the returned keras_model to a frozen .pb graph:

from pathlib import Path

from ultralytics.utils.export import keras2pb

keras2pb(keras_model, output_file=Path("resnet18_saved_model/resnet18.pb"))

Export to NCNN#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2ncnn

torch2ncnn(model, im, output_dir="resnet18_ncnn_model")

The directory contains fixed-name param and bin files along with a Python wrapper:

resnet18_ncnn_model/
├── model.ncnn.param
├── model.ncnn.bin
└── model_ncnn.py

Export to MNN#

MNN export requires an ONNX file as input. Export to ONNX first, then convert:

from ultralytics.utils.export import onnx2mnn, torch2onnx

torch2onnx(model, im, output_file="resnet18.onnx")
onnx2mnn("resnet18.onnx", output_file="resnet18.mnn")

Supports quantize=16 for FP16 and quantize=8 for INT8 quantization. Requires MNN>=2.9.6 and torch>=1.10.

Export to PaddlePaddle#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2paddle

torch2paddle(model, im, output_dir="resnet18_paddle_model")

The directory contains the PaddlePaddle model and parameter files:

resnet18_paddle_model/
├── inference_model/
│   ├── model.json
│   └── model.pdiparams
├── model.pdparams
└── x2paddle_code.py

Requires x2paddle and the correct PaddlePaddle distribution for your platform:

• paddlepaddle-gpu>=3.0.0,<3.3.0 on CUDA
• paddlepaddle==3.0.0 on ARM64 CPU
• paddlepaddle>=3.0.0,<3.3.0 on other CPUs

Not supported on NVIDIA Jetson.

Export to ExecuTorch#

from ultralytics.utils.export import torch2executorch

torch2executorch(model, im, output_dir="resnet18_executorch_model")

The exported .pte file is saved inside the output directory:

resnet18_executorch_model/
└── model.pte

Requires torch>=2.9.0 and a matching ExecuTorch runtime (pip install executorch). For runtime usage, see the ExecuTorch integration.

Verify Your Exported Model#

After exporting, verify numerical parity with the original PyTorch model before shipping. A quick smoke test with ONNXBackend from ultralytics.nn.backends compares outputs and flags tracing or quantization errors early:

import numpy as np
import timm
import torch

from ultralytics.nn.backends import ONNXBackend

model = timm.create_model("resnet18", pretrained=True).eval()
im = torch.randn(1, 3, 224, 224)
with torch.no_grad():
    pytorch_output = model(im).numpy()

onnx_model = ONNXBackend("resnet18.onnx", device=torch.device("cpu"))
onnx_output = onnx_model(im)[0]

diff = np.abs(pytorch_output - onnx_output).max()
print(f"Max difference: {diff:.6f}")  # ~1e-6 for an FP32 ONNX export

For other runtimes, the input tensor name may differ. OpenVINO, for example, uses the model's forward-argument name (typically x for generic models), while torch2onnx defaults to "images".

Run Your Exported Model#

Exported non-YOLO models load back through the normal YOLO() API. The exports above carry no Ultralytics task or input-size metadata, so pass task explicitly and imgsz matching the example tensor you exported with:

from ultralytics import YOLO

results = YOLO("resnet18.onnx", task="classify")("path/to/image.jpg", imgsz=224)
print(results[0].probs.top1)

imgsz matters when the export has a fixed input shape: the ONNX and TF SavedModel exports above reject the default of 640. The TorchScript and NCNN exports above do accept other sizes, but neither exporter guarantees it: both trace from the example tensor, so a model that flattens into a Linear layer stays fixed. Check your own export.

The value is then rounded up to a multiple of the model stride, which is 32 without metadata. A fixed-shape export at 200x200 is therefore fed 224x224 and rejected even though imgsz=200 matches it. For input sizes that are not multiples of 32, call the backend directly.

Calling a Backend Directly#

For raw tensors without Ultralytics preprocessing and post-processing, use the per-format classes in ultralytics.nn.backends, as the verification example above does. Each takes the exported artifact and a device, and is callable:

TensorFlowBackend covers two formats and defaults to format="saved_model", so pass format="pb" for a frozen graph.

Three things the YOLO() route handles for you and a direct call does not:

• Input layout: CoreMLBackend and TensorFlowBackend expect BHWC. Transpose first with im.permute(0, 2, 3, 1); a BCHW tensor raises a shape mismatch.
• Autograd: wrap calls in torch.inference_mode(). TorchScriptBackend returns a tensor that still carries a gradient graph.
• Post-processing: without metadata a backend leaves task as None and names empty. LiteRTBackend still denormalizes any 3-D output by image size on the assumption it holds YOLO boxes, which is wrong for a non-YOLO model with a 3-D output. Two-dimensional outputs such as classifier logits are unaffected.

Known Limitations#

• Multi-input support is uneven: torch2onnx, torch2openvino, and torch2torchscript accept a tuple of example tensors for models with multiple inputs. torch2coreml, torch2coreai, torch2ncnn, torch2paddle, and torch2executorch assume a single input tensor.
• YOLO-only formats: Axelera and Sony IMX500 exports require YOLO-specific model attributes and are not available for generic models.
• Platform-specific formats: TensorRT requires an NVIDIA GPU. RKNN requires the rknn-toolkit2 SDK (Linux only). Edge TPU requires the edgetpu_compiler binary (Linux only).

Conclusion#

These utilities take any PyTorch model from a plain torch.nn.Module to a deployment-ready ONNX, OpenVINO, CoreML, TensorFlow, or mobile-runtime artifact through one consistent API. Pick the format that matches your target hardware, verify numerical parity against the original model, then follow the matching integration guide for runtime-specific deployment steps.

FAQ#